Ashmore, P. Church, M. (2001). The Impact of Climate Change in Rivers and River Processes in Canada. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/rncan-nrcan/M42-555-eng.pdf
This study conducted for Natural Resources Canada looks at the impacts of climate warming and wetting on rivers throughout Canada. They highlight climate wetting as incredibly impactful to flow and flood propensity and argue that the most damage will be felt in southern regions of Canada below the permafrost. These floods will have consequences to industry through road destruction and cities through residential flooding. The report also highlights human impact on fluvial paths as the reduction of stream width increases flood potential. This article works well to justify the importance of my research.
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Blye, C. (2016) Do Canadians’ Leave No Trace? A study examining the pro-environmental behaviours of front country and back country overnight visitors to Canadian provincial parks. What are people doing in our parks? Understanding, comparing, and predicting the low-impact camping practices of Canadian Provincial Park over-night visitors. (pp. 17-55). Retrieved from https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/c4t64gn435/blye_clara-jane_e_201609_MA.pdf
This thesis examines the usage of “Leave No Trace” style campaigns in parks located in Alberta and Ontario. The results suggest that Albertans have a higher LNT ethic which may be correlated to high bear encounter rates (plausible motivation to clean up after oneself) and higher incomes and education levels. The study also found that front country users were both more knowledgeable and engaged in LNT practices. Blye argues that education is essential to increased environmental ethic. In regards to my own research, many whitewater enthusiasts fall into front-country users. I will compare this to my findings.
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Kim, M., Brijesh, T. (2017). Journal of Destination Marketing and Management. Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212571X1730077X
The study looked into the relationship of perceived values of an eco-tour and the tourists’ flow experience and satisfaction. They went on to evaluate the creation of environmentally responsible behavior and destination loyalty through flow experience and satisfaction. Using surveys to gather data, they find that if eco-tours focused on increasing quality, emotional value, and social value in their trips they could inspire both destination loyalty and environmentally responsible behavior in their guests. This falls into the previous literature that I will be using to justify my research.
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Leopold, A. (1949). The Land Ethic. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. (pp. 201-226). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
This segment of A Sand County Almanac speaks of the philosophical approach to nature laid out in Leopold’s Land Ethic. In this, he argues that community includes the soils, water, plants and animals. As part of the community they should receive the same ethical concern as other members. He attempts to end the commodification of nature in order to create an obligation of respect. This expansion of ethics creates the grounds for modern environmentalism. This theory of land ethic is a main factor in people’s actions towards the environment.
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McKercher, B. (1993). Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Some fundamental truths about tourism: Understanding tourism’s social and environmental impacts. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669589309450697
McKercher provides insight on what he has found to be the eight fundamental truths about tourism. He speaks out against the assumption that tourism is a low impact option and looks at the social and environmental cost of the industry. The environmental impacts portion of his research focuses on the use of a large variety of resources and the potential for over consumption. He then goes on to the discuss the problems that arise because tourism is rooted in capitalism. He speaks to the profit driven nature of the industry and its inability to be controlled because of it’s multifaceted nature. Lastly McKercher focuses on the sociological realities of tourism being that those who participate are not often preoccupied with ethical choices but prefer to be unconscious consumers of entertainment. There is no primary research done for this article.
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Simmonds, G. (2012). An Examination of Environmental Practices Used in Commercial Sea Kayaking in British Columbia. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from http://tru.arcabc.ca/islandora/object/tru%3A32/datastream/PDF/view
This thesis creates a snapshot of the environmental practices employed by British Columbian sea kayak guides in 2011. It finds that the majority of guides have great respect for the environment, but often fail to utilise low-impact practices. Simmonds attributes the poor practices to misinformation and a lack of education on specific environments in which they operate. This paper is useful to my own writing as it demonstrates three styles of research I may use (interviewing, observation and surveying), in a similar context to my own research.
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Sweeney, B. Blaine, J. (2016). River conservation, restoration, and preservation: rewarding private behavior to enhance the commons. Freshwater Science. (pp. 755-763). Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/687364
This paper studies the effect of incentive giving to agricultural communities towards river protect. They look at the adoption of stream side buffers as a natural way to protect waterways from contaminants. In a summation of their findings they argue that financial incentive is beneficial to promoting environmental behavior but for the most effective behavioral change comes with monitoring as well. Specifically, this study argues that incentivization is superior to penalisation when it comes to river protection amongst farmers. This will help form my suggested actions in my own paper.
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Thapa, B. Graefe, A. (2003). Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. Forest Recreationists and Environmentalism. Retrieved from https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=02fd00d5-808a-4337-831b-f7703cc09cfd%40sessionmgr101
This paper studies the environmental attitudes and behaviors of outdoor recreationalists. It sub-categorizes recreationalists into appreciative (canoeing, cross-country skiing, etc.) consumptive (hunting and fishing) and motorized (snowmobiling, trail biking, etc.). Using this framework, the study argues that those involved in appreciative activities hold more pro-environmental beliefs. It finds that those involved in motorized activities do not place the environment above their own sport, and while most at risk to political change, engage the least in the political processes that protect their interests. This study uses surveys placed on windshields to draw many correlations between user groups and ideologies. This is a similar study to my own with a broader scope and no focus on whitewater (gap in knowledge).
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Tourism British Columbia. (2009). BC River Outfitter Client Survey (2007): Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Water-based/British_Columbia_s_River_Outfitter_Client_Survey_2007-sflb.pdf.aspx
This report uses surveys to discover who is whitewater rafting in British Columbia and their motivation for doing so. It finds out what type of trips are most common and the general satisfaction of consumers. This information is applicable to my own research as it suggests that most consumers of whitewater rafting experiences in British Columbia are Canadian. This is crucial to the development of local river protection. Another relevant finding was the motivation for many rafters was the scenic aspect of the trip which relies heavily of river conservation. This will help me think of the demographics involved in my own research and it lists many key players in the industry.